(36 Ethnic groups of Bolivia) Los Quechuas ethnic group
General Data
Demographic Situation
Total population: 2556277 inhabitants
Ecoregion: Andean
Department: Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, PotosÃ, Oruro and La Paz.
Province: Several
Municipality: Various
Community: Several
Linguistic Family: Quechua
Main activity: farming
Products: Corn, dad, goose, papaliza, wheat, vegetables, barley, quinoa.
Access roads:
Aerial: Some Quechua communities can be accessed by air, such as the populations of. Apollo, Mirq´amaya and others.
Terrestrial: Several Quechua communities can be accessed by land, roads, secondary roads and most by impassable roads or paths.
Demographic Situation
Evolution: According to the 1992 Census, Quechua population growth is remarkable.
Migration: The Quechuas migrate to the most important urban centers in the country. Displacement that occurs as a means of survival, education or in search of work or new potentially arable land.
History
Historical Synthesis: As a consequence of the collapse of Tiwanacu, in the twelfth century, the Inca regional state was born, in the area of Cuzco, near Pikillajta, who prevailed in the territories that are currently the countries of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, restoring imperial rule.
The Quechuas expanded from the reign of Viracocha, eighth Inca, which advances to the Collao, expansion that takes place in the reign of Pachacutec Inca ninth. Pachacutec was the one who built palaces for him and his descendants on the Island of the Sun and a Temple for his Sun God. He returned to Cuzco after having conquered the Collasuyo. Finally he fought again with those of Condesuyo and the towns of Panaguaras and Chubilicas, whom he also conquered. Feeling old he did not leave Cuzco again and commissioned his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui and the generals of his trust, his brothers Capac Yupanqui and Guayna Yupanqui, who began the Chichasuyo war that developed until the conquest of Trujillo and Cajamarca. The 3 generals continued the conquests until Quito, where he returned to Cuzco Tupac Inca and left Quito to govern General Chalco Mayta, before Pachacutec died, he ordered his son to make another trip to the Collao, to consolidate the conquests, due to a new Rise of the Collas, it is on this trip, the Incas arrived to the Charcas region.
XV century
The Inca Pachacutic died in 1471, having conquered 300 leagues for his empire, he left the throne to his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui. This Inca carried out the conquest of Tucumán and Chile, after these conquests he returned to Cuzco, where he settled, willing to organize the great Nation he had under his domain. His warrior work ended with the rebellion of the Incas of Nazca and the Yuncas and the last rebellion of the Collas.
Tupac Yupanqui, increased the number of mitimaes and distributed them throughout his empire and set tributes. He instituted the system of authorities: one chief every ten men, named Chunca Curaca, another every 50 men named Pisca Pachac, a Chief every five hundred named Pisca Pachaca, a boss named Huaranca who had 1,000 people under his orders and finally one that sent 10,000 called Huaman. These Chiefs were known interchangeably as Curacas, were found throughout the empire generally occupying the place of the sinches, were in charge of the government and collect taxes.
The Yupanqui Inca created the Yanaconas or personal service of the Indians, the Inca distributed Indians to the curacas, priests, generals and their close relatives, the Indians had to serve for free and for life to the people to whom they had been delivered.
He also made the distribution of land and industries. Finally he ordered to make the fortress of Cuzco. During his reign, the empire was administered by two generals, one was based in Jauja and the other in Tihuanacu. At his death he inherited the empire his son Huayna Capac, who decides to visit the whole Empire, but when he sees that it was a very difficult work for a single trip, he organizes two one towards the lands of Collasuyo and another from Cuzco to Quito, the latter entrusted to Guaman Achachi. The expedition to the Collao was directed by Huayna Capac, which reached Charcas and from there left to Chile, the Incas climbed Coquimbo and Copiapó to Atacama and Arequipa, and from there again to the Collao. The Inca and his entourage stopped at Tiwanacu and visited the Isla del Sol and the huaca of Ticci Viracocha.
This Inca to maintain the organization of his empire, established in Cochabamba the center and head of his empire, so that the distribution of the mitimaes outside Cochamaba, since it was a fertile valley and had been left uninhabited after the war with the natives ; He determined where the Urus would live, delimiting it, then returned to Cuzco and subjected some towns that rose in the surroundings, for which he took several Collas some as warriors and others as Yanaconas.
On this trip Huayna Capac, he reached what is now the border with Argentina, where he fought with the Chiriguanos, a war that ended badly for the Incas, since they had to leave it.
During the reign of this Inca, they advanced in the Inca conquest of the Bolivian East, towards the plains and savannas of Beni and Mamoré.
Tupak Yupanqui instructed the chief of the Callawayas, to open a path through the summits of Apolobamba, which failed, being the successor of the Callawaya Chief who opened the same, a route that allowed his imperial troops to reach the plains of Beni, where they built two fortresses border.
On these foothills of the Inca mountain range, installed mitimaes to grow corn and coca, exploit gold and monitor the fortresses built in the last summits
To the south, the Inca tried to conquer what is currently the Chapare, but found resistance on the part of them, while the south conquered Guapay and the Chaco, which was thwarted by the Chiriguana invasions. When he returned to Cuzco, the Inca learned of the uprisings of the towns of: Los Quitos, Pastos, Carangas, Carambis and Los Guacavelicas, determined to extinguish the uprisings before his departure, ordered the construction of a road to Quito. These wars deeply affected the politics of the Incario, the empire was invaded by the Chiriguanos in its southwestern part.
Century XVI
In 1522, Huayna Capac learned of the penetration of strange and barbaric peoples, who had sacked the villages of the Charcas Region.
The four Portuguese who in 1520 arrived in Brazil for exploration purposes, in 1522 accompanied by 2,000 Guarani entered the Pirai and continued their journey until they reached the mountainous region between Tomina and Mizque, where they met the border Incaica and fought with the towns that were under Inca rule, the Chiriguanos won several battles and looted villages of the Charcas and took valuable trophies.
When the Inca learned, he sent General Yasca to recruit people in Cuzco to reinforce the troops of that border. Yasca, arrived with all the people who recruited and gave battle to the Chiriguanos, took prisoners and sent them to the Inca so that the king could distinguish their rarity.
After reducing the Chiriguanos and ending the wars in Chichasuyo, the Inca Huayna Capac died, he left Huascar as his successor, he called his brother Atahuallpa to submit to him, Atahuallpa refused and Huascar sent troops to the general's head Atoco to give battle. Atahuallpa gathered men in Quito and sent a large army headed by Quizquiz and Chalco Chima, a battle that Atahuallpa's troops won. When Huascar learned of this he was frightened and personally went out to lead the war, a battle in which Huascar's troops emerged victorious, but when they celebrated Chalco Chima and Quizquiz fell on them, the result was disastrous for Huascar's troops. The captains of Atahuallpa, arrived in Cuzco, with Huascar and his main imprisoned generals, with which they managed to recognize Atahuallpa as sovereign, then killed the entire Huascar lineage.
In the year 1526, an expedition to the south was organized, for which Pizarro deals with Almagro and Father Hernando Luque, who represented the notary Gaspar Espinosa, who gave 20,000 pesos of gold for the trip, which was intended to conquer the Inca Empire, after 3 years the expedition commanded by Pizarro leaves, on this trip they had several problems, despite everything, they arrived at Isla del Gallo, the Spaniards resolved to send Almagro to Panama to ask for help, since they lacked money. He returned with the order that everyone should return, but Pizarro decided to continue with thirteen men, who arrived in Tumbes and headed to Cajamarca, where the Inca Atahuallpa was; the Spaniards took prisoner to the Inca, without resistance of the subjects of the Inca. Atahuallpa instigates the Spaniards against his brother Huascar and they kill them.
Accused for this and other faults, the Inca is tried by a court, which condemns him to death. So that they do not kill him, the Inca offered to pay, filling the room with gold, where he was imprisoned, despite fulfilling his promise, he suffered the penalty of the club, instead of the bonfire to which he was first convicted, a change that He gave, because in his last moments he became and was baptized with the Christian name of John.
In 1533, Almagro arrived with reinforcements from Panama. Almagro and Pizarro, named Manco II (brother of Atahuallpa) Inca, and settled in Cuzco, in 1534, organized the capital of the Incanato in the manner of Spain with rulers and mayors. Later Pizarro founded the city of the Kings, which is now the city of Lima in 1536.
The differences between Pizarro and Almagro over the limits of their territories, made the Marquis propose in advance the exploration of the south. After the first differences Almagro accepted, letting Pizarro take possession of Cuzco. Almagro, sent a maritime expedition that came to near Coquimbo, by land it was a group under the command of Juan de Saavedra, who advanced along the shore of Lake Titicaca, crossed the Desaguadero and entered the current Bolivian territory and founded Paria and Tupiza.
In 1535, Almagró left Cuzco and followed in the footsteps of Saavedra, installed his first camp in
Pariah; Almagro was accompanied by the great Inca priest Huilla Huma and Prince Paullu, to facilitate the entry of the Spaniards into the territories that were in Inca domain, the expedition passed to Tupiza and from there to Salta, after several adversities they crossed the mountain range and They spotted Chilean lands. The Spanish disappointed to find no wealth returned to Cuzco.
Carlos V in the year 1542, gathers a board that promulgates the so-called New Laws or ordinances of Barcelona, to definitively cut the abuses of encomenderos in America.
In 1548 the Royal ID card was passed, which prohibited the work in the mines to the Indians, these in 1551 claim their freedom to work and in 1563 the mita is regulated.
When the Incas, they realized, that the Spaniards were not divine beings, but as human as they were, they decided to free themselves from them, for which they planned to disperse the Spaniards, they made Almagro leave to conquer Chile and that Marquis Pizarro is directed to Lima, Juan and Hernando Pizarro remained, Manco Inca, taking advantage of the good faith of the Pizarro brothers, left Cuzco to organize the rebellion, which began with the siege of the city of Cuzco. The siege lasted for months and the forces sent by the Marquis were decimated, Juan Pizarro and other Spaniards died in battle.
Juan Saavedra, joined his troops to those of Hernando Pizarro and gave definitive battle to the Incas, raised the siege.
In the year 1560, the Dominican Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás, after having learned the Quechua language, published in Valladolid the first "Art and Grammar of the Quechua Language" or "General of the Indians of Peru."
The king of Spain, to enforce the new laws, created the position of Viceroy of Peru, an appointment that fell to Blasco Núñez de Vela.
The Viceroy Nunez was followed by Don Antonio de Mendoza who was viceroy in 1551 and 1552, Don Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza, Don Diego López and Zúñiga, Don Francisco Toledo, the fifth viceroy, who was responsible for solving the conflict of legitimacy of Spain's rights over the West Indies and reorganized the mita system, which was used by the Incas, a system they had implemented in the conquered territories a century and a half before; the mita consisted of the obligatory and rented service that the natives had to provide in the mines, for four months and in shifts.
Toledo, issued several rules, known as Ordinances of Peru or Toledo, laws that expressed the feeling of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain.
When the conquest was over there was only the class of the victors, who were the noblemen, soldiers, encomenderos and the defeated who were the natives. The Spaniards recognized the old Quechua authorities, the same ones that were the object of attention and were paid tribute as well as the Spaniards, granted them land and mining parcels and had the right to put the Gift in their name.
The Marquis of Mancera (fourteenth viceroy), was one of the fervent defenders of the natives against the abuses committed by corregidores and caciques, dictated severe norms, to improve the situation of mitayos and yanaconas
XVII century
In 1607, the Jesuit Diego Gonzales Holguin writes a Quechua vocabulary.
In 1609, the Inca Gracilazo de la Vega wrote an ideal story of the incanato "Real Comments".
In the year 1611 Guamán Poma de Ayala, he wrote "New Chronicle of Good Government", a book on the history and customs of the Incas and criticisms of the Spaniards. Several indigenous people also wrote during this century as Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti, the work he did not leave is "Relationship of Antiquities."
During this century, theater and poetry were cultivated as an important indigenous contribution, which is manifested in the various works, took native arguments and motives and many of them are written in Quechua.
The indigenous theater was widely used in the viceregal centuries, there were two types of works, religious and historical, those that were written in Quechua and Aymara, the religious composed works in native languages, in order to evangelize.
In 1681, the compendium “Compilation of Laws of the Kingdoms of the Indies” was published in Madrid, which was divided into nine books, the sixth being dedicated to the legislation of the indigenous people.
There was a protector of the natives, who was in charge of the defense of the natives, the indigenous authorities were in charge of the distribution of Indians of the mita.
All the natives had to pay tribute to the Crown, the laws that favored the natives, were not fulfilled.
The requests for suppression of the mita increased and in 1691, Governor Don Pedro Enriquez made a new request to the Viceroy Monclova, who accepted and uninhabited almost the entire hill of indigenous people of forced mita.
Century XVIII
During the government of the Viceroy José A. Manso Velasco (1745 to 1761), the rebellions of Apu Inca continued, which weakened, leaving the seed of the uprising in the environment.
Tómas Catari, made a claim against Blas Bernal, for usurpation of his rights of cacicazco, advised by the Protector of the Indigenous, presented his claim and the corregidor Alós jailed him, but Catari escaped. The Audience and royal officers backed Catari, but the corregidor did not attend to their demands. Seeing the disagreements between the authorities of Potosà and La Plata, Catari went on foot 600 leagues, to the city of Buenos Aires, the capital of the viceroyalty, arrived at the end of 1778 and presented his complaints to the Viceroy, who ordered the Audience Investigation of such complaints. The matter went to the Prosecutor of the Court and followed a slow and bureaucratic process.
Catari when he arrived in Chayanta and without waiting for the legal solution of his complaints, he became a collector and began his policy against the chiefs who had implemented the corregidores. The Hearing did not give effect to the request of the Caudillo, because its members were friends of the corregidor and the corruption of that court that had become scandalous yielded before Alós.
Each year, the corregidor toured the corregimiento, making the lists of the mitayos. On the day of St. Bartholomew, as usual, all the natives of the region in Pocoata met, to fulfill the payment of taxes, organized for this purpose a kind of fair, to which the Spaniards went. When Alós was on his way to Pocoata he was surprised by indigenous people who threatened him, frightened he promised to release Catari and reduce taxes. After a few days, Alós arrived in Pocoata accompanied by 90 men with no intention of keeping his promises.
The corregidor preventing the events, mobilized the troops of Aullagas, Pintatora, Chayanta, Sacaca and Toraxi.
The selection of mitayos was carried out normally, until the chief Tomás Acho, reminded him of his promises and the corregidor of a bullet killed the chief. So the natives rose against the corregidor's troops, the natives emerged victorious, they took the corregidor prisoner.
To save Alós the Audience released Catari, ratifying him in the office of chieftain, Alós was promoted, and replaced by a man of bad history. So Catari decided to write letters to Amaru to accelerate the rebellion.
When Catari toured the province, collecting taxes, he was taken prisoner by the miner Manuel Alvarez de Villarroel, without the knowledge of the President of the Audience and less of the Viceroy. First it seemed an arbitrary measure; but the president of the audience verified that the listeners and friends of Alós had secretly given orders to arrest Catari. When Alvarez took Catari to La Plata, a crowd of indigenous people tried to rescue the chieftain, but in view of the crowd, Catari was thrown into the abyss on January 15, 1781. At the time the crowd attacked and killed many Spaniards .
As the Tupaq Amaru uprising was a fact the Indians continued their rebellion.
Andrés Tupaq Amaru, after the death of his uncle José Gabriel, conquered the province of Larecaja, later surrounded by the population of Sorata, the site lasted 3 months, without fencing or besiegers yielding. The Sorateños resisted until it cost him his own life. Amaru, made build a dike, the one that was overflowed devastated the population and drowned all its inhabitants on August 5, 1781. After this the troops of Amaru, went to collaborate in the conquest of the city of La Paz.
José Gabriel Condorcanqui, decided to reestablish the Incario, based on the fact that the Aboriginal monarchy replaced the Spanish, wanted to proclaim Inca or king under his authority four viceroys remained. The Condorcanqui plan was not the exclusive claim of the natives, it also included Creoles, who, like them, endured the bad government of Spaniards, which was not shared by the majority of the natives, since they did not find differences between Spaniards Born in America and European Spaniards.
José Gabriel called Tupaq Amaru, declared war on the Spaniards, whom he wished to expel from the Continent.
The social struggle was aimed at the suppression of the mita and the recovery of their lands, this uprising was planned for 10 years, in which they contacted the majority of the Caciques of Peru. The Inca before the uprising resorted to all possible legal means to achieve his goal. He sent one of his brothers to Spain, to present to the king, the complaints of the natives and to request the settlement of his situation. They also asked that the hierarchy of the chiefs and other authorities be respected, so that they govern themselves and that he be recognized as a direct descendant of the Incas. Declaring Inca.
Tupaq Amaru and Antonio de Arriaga, corregidor of the Tinta province, met in the house of the priest Carlos RodrÃguez, to celebrate the day of the king. Upon returning from it, the corregidor was arrested and forced to sign an order to deliver all available funds to the rebels, after collecting the money and weapons, the corregidor was hanged.
The Spaniards, learned this, 8 days later, sent an expedition to the head of Tiburcio Landa .. The battle occurred in Sangarara. The Spanish troops took refuge in the Church and Tupaq Amaru blew a part, leaving only 28 realistic soldiers of 604, as a result of which Tupaq Amaru was excommunicated.
Condorcanqui returned to Tinta after his victory in Sangarara, while Cuzco was equipped with 3,000 men. From Tinta the rebels left for the Collao on a mission. José Gabriel, to all the peoples, spoke to the natives indicating that his mission was to suppress the abuses and recover the privileges granted by the Catholic kings. When the Inca was not in Cuzco his wife Micaela Bastidas, led the uprising.
The Cuzco Indians besieged and warned them to surrender, the Spaniards refused, so a decisive battle took place in January 1781. After a long battle, the rebels had to withdraw, since Tupaq Amaru saw that in the surrounded city all were willing to resist, even the natives and caciques, in addition that their troops did not know how to use the Spanish weapons with which they were equipped. When the Inca retired to Tinta, where he had 60,000 men gathered, Areche the Visitor, arrived in Cuzco, ready to counter Tupaq Amaru, brought with him the orders of the abolitions of the corregimientos and forgiveness of all debts that with them they had, dissolution of customs and forgiveness to all the rebels except the leaders.
In the month of March 1781, the royal army with 17,000 men left for Tinta, composed of more than 80% indigenous. The rebels were defeated and Amaru's family arrested with the exception of Diego, Andrés and Miguel Tupaq Amaru, who along with one of the Inca's sons retreated in Azángaro.
On March 15, after the Tupaq Amaru brothers tried to free them, they sentenced Tupaq Amaru to death, who was dragged to the square, where his family witnessed the torment, cut his tongue and quartered him
XIX century
After three centuries of colonial domination, on May 25, 1809, in the city of La Plata today Sucre, the war for the independence of America began, a revolution that was seconded on July 16 of the same year by La Paz, where the proclamation is even launched, in which for the first time there was talk of absolute independence and war on the nation.
After 15 years of war, on December 9, 1824, the libertarian deed ended with the battle of Ayacucho and on August 6, 1825, the Republic of Bolivia was created, remaining with the same colonial structure. On October 3 of the same year, he was declared father and first President of Bolivia to the Liberator Simón BolÃvar
Simón BolÃvar, tried to deliver the lands, of which he was in possession, to the natives and tried to suppress the indigenous contribution, which remained only as projects.
In 1829, he was elected President of Bolivia, Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, who by mother was of Quechua origin.
During the Republic, the Creoles were in charge of the government and the situation of the natives did not change much, they took away their lands and made them work as unemployed, they did not recognize their rights.
Manuel Isidoro Belzú (1848-1855), relied on the indigenous people to govern and that is how the indigenous people acting with their own criteria and decisively in politics, to the degree that they were not afraid of the army, so Belzú left the government Only when he felt tired.
On May 20, 1866, President Melgarejo, issued a decree, in order to seize the lands of the highland communities that belonged to the natives. According to the decree they were declared owners of them, but they had to follow a judicial-administrative procedure and the payment of 25 pesos; the natives did not find out about such a decree, for which their properties were auctioned and to dispossess them of their lands, the army was used, the dispossession in which thousands of indigenous people were cruelly killed.
On August 10, 1874, during the Government of Tomas FrÃas, the Ordinary Assembly was installed in the city of Sucre, the same that dictated a rule of ex-association of community lands, the same that were abolished, the Indigenous were owners of their land with all rights as owners, for which they had to pay taxes.
During the government of Hilarión Daza, in 1878, there was a drought, so severe that the peasants migrated to the cities in search of food, the streets of the cities were full of sick people, because the plague made even the city dwellers sick. and thousands of dead were collected. Schools and colleges had to be closed, in that situation the Pacific war was presented.
Twentieth century
During the Government of Villazón (1909-1913), a Normal School was created for teachers, destined for the indigenous class.
During the second Government of Don Ismael Montes, the Normal of Indigenous Education was founded in Umala.
In 1927, the settlers and villagers revolted in Chayanta, killed the landowners, demanded the return of their lands, Aymara and Quechuas were mobilized from three departments. An aerial military repression massacred more than 100 people. But the movement served to prevent the expansion of farms in the region.
In 1943, President Villarroel convened a National Indigenous Congress, which would be carried out in 1945. To properly prepare it, by decree he annulled the ban that since the celebrations of the Centenary of Independence (1925) prevented the indigenous people from freely passing through the Plaza and central streets of the city of La Paz, but conservative sectors of the government postponed the congress and influenced so that the main peasant leader of the organizing commission is exiled to Brazil. The activists of the MNR, mobilized for the country trying to affiliate delegates addicted to the government and on May 11, 1945, the First Indigenous Congress was inaugurated, after 5 days of deliberations some measures turned into decrees were approved. First it was abolished: the pongueaje, the mita, second, the property owners are forced to create schools, and thirdly a commission was organized for the drafting of the Agrarian Labor Code, an agency that served the government to avoid the most important claims of the delegates
But since the decrees were not fulfilled, the departmental Agrarian Federation of La Paz, a peasant sector of the Local Workers' Federation, mobilized their emissaries through the estates, sought union organization and the resumption of the strike with fallen arms.
In 1946, the oligarchy returned to power, hanged Villarroel and a bloody repression broke out against the striking settlers. The Aymara and Quechua, responded with a national mobilization, under the leadership of the National Indigenous Committee.
In 1951, presidential elections were held, in which the MNR, obtained the majority, but not enough to be directly elected, which President Urriolagoitia used, to deliver the command to a military junta, and thus avoid the popular rise to power, this motivated the insurrection of April 9, 1952 that overthrew the military junta, establishing co-government COB and MNR. Government in which the mimes were nationalized, the large estate was eliminated, the universal vote and the educational reform were established.
In 1953, the National Confederation of Peasant Workers of Bolivia was created.
In the second governmental administration of the MNR, between 1956 and 1960, the union conflicts arose, when the monetary stabilization was carried out, the government marginalized the left sector in both the state administration and the union directorates, and put its Men of confidence, as well as in the La Paz Highlands, imposed their Minister of Peasant Affairs, the Executive Secretary of the Departmental Federation and also the General Secretary of the National Confederation of Peasant Workers of Bolivia.
The conflicts worsened in the following years, the same Government suffered divisions and each sector sought the support of agrarian unions.
In 1964, in the Government of Gral. Barrientos, a Military-Peasant Pact was formed with the peasants, establishing a direct relationship between the Armed Forces and the Communities, blocking any authentic and autonomous representation at the regional level, manipulation that was challenged in the 1967, by an Independent group of Peasants, who opposed the government's attempts to impose the single agricultural tax. This organization was one of the causes of the struggle to build a new trade unionism, representative and independent of governments.
But since the decrees were not fulfilled, the departmental Agrarian Federation of La Paz, a peasant sector of the Local Workers' Agrarian Federation, mobilized its emissaries through the estates, seeking union organization and the resumption of the strike with fallen arms.
In 1974, Cochabamba farmers were massacred for having blocked the roads in protest against the rise of the items in the family basket.
In November 1977, the Peasant Trade Union leaders reappeared in Ayo Ayo, 4000 delegates from La Paz, PotosÃ, Oruro, Cochabamba and Chuquisaca met to celebrate the anniversary of the death of Tupaq Katari, meeting in which they signed the Declaration of Ayo Ayo, the one that authorized and demanded that the leaders resume their positions.
The new organization called the National Confederation of Peasant Workers Tupaj Katari, whose members in the following months participated in a hunger strike nationwide, which forced the government to issue general amnesty for all union leaders, politicians and professionals imprisoned and exiled , so that they held several congresses, to reorganize the union, departmental and provincial directorates. In March 1978 the VII National Congress was held in the city of La Paz, where 500 delegates attended, there they ratified the elected leaders in the VI Congress and decided that they would not proclaim more rulers as leaders of the peasantry.
At the end of 1979, the new directive of the Single Trade Union Confederation of Peasant Workers of Bolivia, showed its representativeness, first participated in the COB strike and ordered to block the roads in rejection of the bloody military coup of November 1979. With They managed to paralyze the whole country. The coup leaders had to leave the Government Palace and a new government was appointed in Parliament.
In December 1979, the CSUTCB, again blocked the roads, in rejection of the monetary devaluation and other measures that directly affected the peasants such as the elevation of the tickets, freight charges and Kerosene and on the contrary the prices of agricultural products They were frozen. The peasants called for the repeal of the decree, the reduction of fuel prices, the reduction of transport tickets and freight, the creation of peasant markets in the cities and the abolition of agricultural taxes in customs blocks. A commission of the CSUTCB and the COB., Initiated conversations with the government, meanwhile hundreds of peasants, waited for their leaders in the street. First, the government rejected the orders, but after two weeks, it agreed to most of the orders except for the repeal of the devaluation decree. It was then that the CSUTCB, suspended the blockade. Three weeks later, the CSUTCB organized a National Congress of Peasant Women, where the National Federation of Peasant Women Bartolina Sisa was created.
During the government of the Patriotic Agreement, in the period between 1989 and 1993, he was in charge of indigenous affairs as an autarkic entity, the Bolivian Indigenous Institute (IIB), which depended on the then Ministry of Peasant and Agricultural Affairs.
During the Presidential administration of Mr. Jaime Paz Zamora, for the first time in Bolivian history, the Indigenous and Native theme enters the Government's agenda.
Administration in which significant progress was achieved, such as the ratification by Bolivia of the ILO Convention, through Law No. 1257; the implementation of intercultural Bilingual Education; the creation of the Development Fund of the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean; the promulgation of the Law of Reform of the Political Constitution of the State, in which Bolivia is declared as a multiethnic and multicultural country, recommending the right of Indigenous Peoples over their territories and natural resources.
In 1993, Aymara VÃctor Hugo Cárdenas was elected as Vice President of the Republic, after joining his MRTKL party with the MNR, Cárdenas ruled as Vice President until 1997
Between the period between 1993 and 1997, the Peasants and Originals sector was administered by the Undersecretary of Ethnic Affairs (SAE), under the National Secretariat for Ethnic Gender and Generational Affairs, which in turn depended on the Ministry of Human Development.
The SAE achieved, the application of the Law in indigenous and native areas; title of Community Land of Origin, in accordance with the INRA Law and the inclusion of the sectoral theme in national legislation.
The government administration (1997-2002), made Institutional and Policy changes, reorganized the Executive Power between 1997 and 1998, through Law 1783 and Supplementary Decrees Nos. 24855, 25055 and 25060, create the Vice Ministry of Indigenous and Native Affairs (VAIPO ), under the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Planning, and the Indigenous Affairs Units of the Departmental Prefectures and also create the Indigenous and Originating Participation Councils, concerted entities of the Indigenous and Originating Peoples Organizations with the State, for the purpose to jointly prioritize standards, policies and projects at the national, regional and departmental levels.
The peasants of the La Paz Altiplano, with the support of rural teachers, on April 3, 2000, began blocking roads, due to the breach of several agreements that the government had not complied with and especially to avoid the approval of the draft Law Water and labor flexibility
.
On April 10, the government dictates a state of siege and confines 23 union leaders, including Felipe Quispe. The conflict ended on April 15, with the signing of an agreement between field unions and the government, an agreement in which the government promised to meet the demands of the rural sector in 90 days, such as reworking the Water Law , the approval of the regulation of the INRA Law, Respect for Trade Union Law and others.
On September 18, 2000, the 6 Federations of the Cochabambino Tropics begin the blockade of the Santa Cruz-Cochabamba highway, demanding that the Government pay attention to their demands and for the construction of 3 military barracks in the Chapare. On the other hand, the organizations that made up the Coordinator of Water and Life, on September 19, began their pressure measures, with a blockage of roads by the irrigators, who requested the approval of the Supplementary Regulation to the Water Law and they sympathized with the coca growers and the teachers, the same who were on an indefinite general strike.
On September 20, the CSUTCB decided to block the roads, due to the breach by the government of the agreement signed in April, a conflict that joined the Chapare and the city of Cochabamba. After 3 weeks of conflicts, the peasants and the Government signed an agreement, which contained a claim with 50 points, backed by 13 Supreme Decrees and two Ministerial Resolutions.
Following the commitments assumed by the government and given the Importance of the peasant-Indigenous issue, on October 20, 2000, the government decides to create the Ministry of Peasant Affairs, Indigenous and Native Peoples (MACPIO, based on the then Vice Ministry of Indigenous and Native Affairs (VAIPO) that depended on the Ministry of Sustainable Development.
The new Ministry (MACPIO) must:
· Conduct the Government's relations with the Peasant, Indigenous and Native Peoples sector, channeling their demands and promoting their participation in the attention of their needs
· Formulate norms, execute and coordinate actions, for the integral development of the peasant sector, indigenous people and native of the country.
· Promote programs and projects, aimed at reducing poverty and improving the productivity of these sectors.
XXI century
The 21st century begins with a new and different peasant, indigenous and native landscape. The democracy established and strengthened at the end of the previous century allows a considerable advance in the recognition of Indigenous, territorial rights, greater participation and social equity, economic opportunity, although not in optimum degree. However, it is not the scene of persecution, racism and abuse of a society and the State against the Indigenous, native and peasant as in the last century.
Thanks to the legal changes, the recognition of international laws and conventions, the indigenous struggle itself and international cooperation, the indigenous issue has legal basis and defense to henceforth fulfill indigenous rights, consolidate the legal security of land and territory, reduce and end discrimination, increase the participation and decision of the indigenous people and, above all, achieve, with harmony and sustainability, the development with identity of Bolivia.
With the tool of democracy, equity, tolerance and, above all, dialogue, the new century is imposed, solving so much unjust injustice towards the Peasants, Indigenous and Native Peoples
On June 14, 2001, the Joint Task Force occupies the town of Asunta, to eradicate surplus coca, the next day the peasants of the population faced the uniformed. The conflicts ended on June 20 with the signing of an agreement between coca growers and government, where the most important point was that the Government decided not to eradicate coca from Nor and South Yungas
On June 21, 2001, Felipe Quispe, Executive Secretary of the CSUTCB, without the support of Cochabamba, begins blocking roads in the La Paz Highlands, in support of the coca growers of the Paceños Yungas, although the conflict with that sector It had been fixed. It also called for the repeal of several laws.
The farmers at the head of Felipe Quispe delivered to the Minister of Peasant Affairs Wigberto Rivero, a petition document with 45 points, in which the replacement of the INRA Law, delimitation of traditional areas of coca, review of the Middle Law Environment and Biodiversity and abrogation of: Law 1008, Educational Reform and Decree 21060.
On July 18, 2001, Felipe Quispe for the peasants, allies with Evo Morales Executive Secretary of the 6 Federations of the Tropic Cochabambino and Oscar Olivera, representative of the National Single Mobilization Coordinator, to convene a national road block.
Union of union that forced the government to seek solutions to the conflict, so on July 21, the Government and peasants signed a pre-agreement, for which the government ordered the withdrawal of military and police troops, released and lifted the judicial charges and the peasants lifted the blockades. Pre-agreement, where the government and peasants took a 10-day truce, days in which negotiations between peasants and government took place
Thanks to the dialogue 45 points of the 50 have been fulfilled, of the agreement signed on October 7, 2000, the remaining 5 have been added to the last agreement, signed in the town of Pucarani
On August 6, General Hugo Banzer Suárez resigns his mandate and takes an oath to the office of President of the Republic, Mr. Jorge Quiroga RamÃrez.
On August 8, the peasants change their specifications, in which it is no longer contemplated, the repeal of Law 21060 and Law 1008.
On August 23, the Government with the Peasants sign an agreement, in the Population of Pucarani, the main commitments are: the development of Agrarian, for which the government will create a rural development program; 1,000 tractors, with financing; Peasant Markets, these will be built in Villa Tunari, El Alto, and Santa Rosa; Electrification of the rural area; Compensation for the injured and dead; improvement and construction of roads and bridges in the 20 provinces of La Paz.
Alejo Veliz, First Secretary of the CSUTCB, was expelled from this organization, on August 28, 2001, for instigating the division of the peasant movement and defame the leaders who signed the agreement in Pucarani.
The Quechuas, met on September 3 and ignored the leadership of Felipe Quispe, for not being a genuine representative of the Quechuas. They recognized Alejo Veliz as the only representative and rejected the expulsion of the same from the CSUTCB. The Quechuas renewed their board and elected Celso Carrillo as the executive secretary of the Federation of Peasant Workers of Cochabamba.
Social organization
The social organization of the Quechuas communities is based on the nuclear family, the same that is supported by the ayllu structure. The ayllu structure is mainly represented by a sustainable economy and a political-administrative hierarchy.
Cultural aspects
Religion and Mythology: Quechua religion is closely related to agricultural activity, through agrarian rituals they get pachamama favors.
The Quechua, have their own conception of time and space, which are represented in three worlds: The kay pacha (our world) the world of humans, where living beings develop, everything that surrounds us and can be palpable, the soil, the fields, etc.
The janaq pacha (world above), is the place where God and his saints live; the sun, the moon and the stars, also call it the world of glory.
With regard to religious syncretism, each Quechua community has a patron saint, to whom it worships.
The Quechua go to the janaq pacha, to ask the Sun and all the stars, in the sun they identify him with the Christian God, whose golden rays surround the custody over the binding of the Catholic churches, he is a God who knows everything and orders everything, He is a good doctor that heals (sumi miriku) and that for the faults you commit, as punishment he sends you diseases. The Sun and the moon govern the passage of regular and predictable time. The meteorological forces that are irregular and sometimes violent come from the deities of the hills that also have the power to suddenly make people sick.
The manqha pacha (world of bass), is the one that is inhabited by forces of good and evil, just as wak´ao demon of the Andean world is not the same as the demon of the spiritual world, since for Quechua it can be sacred.
Other inhabitants of the world below are the dead, which can still affect the lives of the living.
Therefore, since there is a relationship with both worlds, the Quechua try to be well with the world above and below, for which they use the offerings, which are usually aimed at the pachamama and what it represents (fertility ).
As far as religious syncretism is concerned, each Quechua community has a patron saint, to whom they worship.
Land and Territory
Access Situation and Land Tenure: Most Quechua Communities have access to their territory. The Quechua own communal lands and some of them own individual titles.
Indigenous Territory State: The Quechua as well as the Aymara have individual and communal titles. Not all communals are entitled.
Infrastructure
Quechua communities use both the services of formal medicine (health posts and few with hospitals), as well as traditional medicine represented by a healer, who has knowledge of medicinal plants.
Economy and Productive Activities
The economy of the Quechuas, is based on agriculture and mining, agricultural production varies according to the ecological floor where they live.
In the Altiplano, the main activities are Agriculture, mining and the production of camelids, sheep and cattle. Agriculture is essentially of tubers such as papa, goose, papaliza and cereals such as quinoa, kanawa and barley.
In the Valleys, the main activities are agriculture, poultry and floriculture. They are engaged in the agriculture of, corn, potatoes, vegetables; they raise sheep, pigs, goats and cattle; They are also dedicated to the raising of poultry and lately the cultivation of flowers has been implemented.
In the Chaparé region, Quechua settlers are dedicated to agriculture, especially coca, fruit growing, floriculture and timber extraction.
Quechua living in semi-urban and urban areas are dedicated to the sale of their workforce, such as masons, young men, domestic workers, commerce, medicine, Law, Dentistry and other professions.
Marketed Products: Corn, potatoes, vegetables, goose, papal, barley, quinoa, coca, coffee, fruits, flowers; llamas, huanacos, alpacas, sheep, pigs, goats, cows; tin, silver, gold, bismuth and other minerals; Flowers, fruits, chickens.
Subsistence Activities: Agriculture, labor sales.
Productive or Marketing Organizations: Several.
Environment and Natural Resources
Habitat: The Quechuas mostly inhabit temperate valleys and a minority in the highlands of Bolivia, between 1200 and 3800 m / s / m, with average annual temperatures between 2 and 18 °, river rainfall varies between 400 and 1000 mm .
Foreign exploitation: Mining Cooperatives, businessmen and others carry out various activities such as mining and agriculture in Quechua territory.
Environmental problems: The pollution of rivers is of great magnitude, by mining companies and the pollution caused by the chacking causes serious damage to the ecosystem.
Language
Quechua is a suffixing language, it does not admit prefixes of any kind, there are three vowels the a, i, u; the words usually end in vowel, the accent is almost always serious or flat; there is no definite article, the one that is replaced with a pronoun: the gender of the names is replaced with the words Orko and Chinese that precedes the names only in animals and the plural is formed with the particle Kuna suffixed to the names.
Me: Ñuca
Your camera
He - She: Ñucanchi
We: Ñucayku
You: paykuna
Demonstrative pronouns
East-East: Kay
That-That-That: Chay
That-That-That: Hacay
Interrogatives
Who ?: Pi
What ?: Ima
Which one ?: Maican
How many? Beech
The Quechua words used most frequently and with which Castilian - Quechua combinations are made are the following:
Water: yacu
Hand: Maqui
Chili: uchu
Piss: ispa
Ayahuasca: ayahuasca
Nose: shinga
Black: yana
Mouth: simi
Child: bus
Boa: yacumama
No: mana
Head: upa
Eye: ñahui
Canoe: canoe
Pot: sleeve
House: huasi
Ear: rinri
Food: micuna
Chest: chucchu
Fish: challua
Teeth: quiru
Foot: chaqui
Ten: dodgy
Stone: rani
Flower: armhole
Skin: face
Fire: Nina
Leg: changa
People: Rune
Rowing: rowing
Hammock: hammock
Red: puca
Leaf: panga
Salt: Cachi
Luna: keel
Sun: inti
Long: suni
Viper: machacuy
Mother: mama
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